HEALTH INFO

General Health

Acne

What is acne?

Acne is caused when the ducts of the sebaceous (oil) glands become clogged with debris, bacteria and dead skin cells. The skin then becomes affected as whiteheads and blackheads appear just below the surface of the skin.

Acne is a common skin problem for teenagers and those in their twenties. Acne usually affects the face, chest, shoulders, upper back, and can range from an occasional blemish to very severe scarring.

How to control acne

Wash regularly with mild soap. Surface oil, dead skin and dirt can be removed sufficiently if skin is washed one or twice a day. Always wash before bedtime and more often during the warmer summer months.

Shampoo regularly. Oily hair adds to skin surface oil. It also contributes to clogging the surface of the pores.

Avoid oil-based make-up. Oil-based make-up can make acne worse by plugging pores. Water-based make-up may work better for those with skin problems.

Watch your diet. There are no specific foods that have been linked to acne but skin will benefit from a healthy diet.

Read product labels. Non-comedogenic products are best because they won't clog pores. Some suntan products come specifically made for faces.

Avoid squeezing pimples. This may cause permanent scarring.

Which medications should I use?

The most common acne preparations include:

Keratolytic - loosens and increases shedding of keratin and sebum.

Abrasive - roughens and removes outermost layers of the skin; prevents formation of whiteheads and blackheads.

Astringent - removes surface oils and dirt. It does not close or constrict pores.

Soap - removes surface oils and dirt.

Nonprescription medications include benzoyl peroxide. It is available in 2.5% and 5%.

Antibiotic therapy and, for women, birth control pills, are other choices for treatment. Contact the Student Health Service to set up an appointment to find out more about antibiotic and other acne therapies.

Additional information about acne:

Acne in Teens: Ways to Control It - From AAFP

Acne Agony - From the FDA

Rosacea and Its Treatment - From AAFP

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Allergies

The Cause An allergy is an abnormal response of the body's natural immune system. The immune system is a protective mechanism which identifies potentially harmful invaders, such as viruses or bacteria, and attacks them by producing antibodies. When this reaction is abnormally caused by other substances (allergens) such as pollen or dust, the symptoms of an allergy may appear.

The Symptoms Sneezing, itchy eyes, and wheezing are the common symptoms of "hay fever," the most prevalent type of allergy. These symptoms are also associated with colds and other disorders, complicating the diagnosis of allergies. More serious symptoms include asthma, eczema, hives, or acute anaphylaxis, a life-threatening violent reaction to an allergen such as insect stings or to certain drugs such as penicillin.

The list of possible causes of allergies is endless. The more common ones are dust, pollen, feathers, cosmetics, drugs, foods, and molds. Some, like pollen, are seasonal in nature while others are not.

Diagnosis and Treatment Skin testing, the injecting of very small amounts of suspected allergen into the skin, is the most reliable way to identify the causes of "hay fever" allergies. There is no indication that other allergens can be effectively tested in this way.

The most common treatments for hay fever include medications which contain antihistamines (drugs that counteract the effects of the allergic process) and immunotherapy (a series of desensitization shots). Treatments for asthma and eczema are less predictable and require more attention. Any program of treatment should be prescribed by a physician. Contact the Student Health Service if you would like to be treated for an allergy or if you have any questions.

Additional Information about allergies:

Allergy Shots: Could They Help Your Allergies? - From the AAFP

Food Allergies - Just the Facts - From the AAFP

Latex Allergy - From the AAFP

Dust Mites in the Home - From the AAFP

Antihistamines - From the AAFP

Allergic Conjunctivitis - From the AAFP

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The Common Cold

Description/Symptoms

The common cold is usually caused by a virus that leads to infection in the nose, throat, sinuses, ears, eustachian tubes, trachea, larynx or bronchial tubes. These colds are contagious and are more frequent during winter. A sick roommate and crowded living conditions can increase the risk of catching a cold. Symptoms include runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, cough, low fever, hoarseness, fatigue, appetite loss and watering eyes.

To avoid colds, wash your hands frequently, especially after blowing your nose or handling food. Be sure to eat a healthy diet that includes a lot of vitamin C.

Treatment

Non-prescription drugs such as decongestants, acetaminophen, cough medicine and sore throat lozenges can be used to relieve symptoms. While these drugs can reduce symptoms, there are no drugs that cure the common cold.

Notify the Student Health Service if:

fever exists for several days or is over 101 degrees Fahrenheit;

throat pain increases, or yellow or white spots appear in throat;

cough produces thick, yellow-green or gray sputum;

cough lasts longer than 10 days;

you have difficulty breathing between coughing episodes;

the glands in the neck become enlarged or tender.

Additional information about colds:

Cold and Flu: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Fever: Self Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Cough: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Nausea and Vomiting: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

AACHOO! Coping with a Cold - From the AMA

Antibiotics: When They Can and Can't Help - From the AAFP

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Headaches

The two most common types of headaches are tension headaches and migraine headaches.

Most headaches are tension headaches, with pain usually coming from the muscles in the neck and scalp. The pain is usually in the forehead and on the sides of the head in front of the ears, and can also involve the neck and shoulders. These headaches are often brought on by stress. To treat tension headaches, take a moment to relax. Take a hot bath or shower and massage shoulders, neck, jaw and scalp. Sometimes an ice pack applied to the painful areas can help. Lie down if possible. Acetaminophen, aspirin, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprophen and naproxen my be used.

Migraine headaches usually occur on one side of the head and are very intense. They are often accompanied by other symptoms including nausea, vomiting and visual problems and can last up to 72 hours. Migraine headaches are more common in women. To treat a migraine headache, apply a cold cloth to your head and lie down in a dark, quiet room. Minimize noise, light and odors and do not read. Acetaminophen, aspirin, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprophen and naproxen can help ease the pain. A wide variety of medications can be prescribed for migraine symptoms and prevention.

Any severe headache or headaches that occur frequently should be checked, and the health professionals at the Student Health Service are at your service.

Additional information about headaches:

Headache: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Tension Headaches - From the AAFP

Migraine - From the AMA

Living with Migraine Headaches - From the AAFP

Migraine Headaches: Ways to Deal With The Pain - From the AAFP

Cluster Headaches - From the AAFP

Drug Rebound Headaches - From the Wall Street Journal

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Exercise Tips

A little exercise is better than no exercise. Start a structured exercise program that encourages you to at least move around and incorporate activity into your daily routine. Do it. Don't just think about it. Walk to classes instead of driving. Take the stairs instead of the elevator. Pedal the exercise bike while watching television or studying instead of lazily reclining on the sofa.

Exercise for 20-30 minutes, three times a week to attain a good fitness level. Set aside the "No pain, no gain" theory. You can improve your fitness with gradual increases rather than huge spurts that frequently result in injuries and discouragement. You don't have to exercise for hours every day to be healthy. Three times a week for thirty minutes will get you in shape. Three times a week for twenty minutes will keep you in shape. This isn't just sweat less exercise, however. We're talking about the heart-stimulating movements that will get you huffing and puffing - aerobic dancing, swimming, jogging, brisk walking. Start out slow and work your way up to a consistent level that challenges you without danger of overexertion.

Eat breakfast. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Breakfast eaters feel better both physically and mentally. Nevertheless, the typical American breakfast is NO breakfast. "I'm on a diet," "I don't have time," and "I'm not hungry in the morning" are common, but poor, excuses. Breakfast energizes you for the whole day, so that you'll feel like being active. It also provides the fuel you'll burn off during your lunchtime walk or afternoon aerobic dance class. It reduces the incidence of midmorning doughnut raids and trips to the vending machines. Breakfast also aids weight loss by eliminating your ability to rationalize night-time eating - ("I deserve to eat these cookies since I didn't eat breakfast...").

Focus your meals on carbohydrate-rich food for energy. Marathon runners load up on carbohydrates for a reason - they are the best energy source for your muscles. Wholesome starches (rice, bread, cereal, crackers) and natural sugars (fruit, juice) most efficiently fuel your muscles and will enhance the enjoyment of your exercise program. These carbohydrates get stored in your muscles as glycogen (muscle sugar) and provide the energy you'll burn during your active day.

Drink plenty of water before, during and after exercise. Adequate water for sports-active people is as important as wholesome foods. No one has ever starved to death during strenuous exercise. However, many people have seriously damaged their health due to dehydration. Lack of fluids sends athletes to the hospital every year. What's the best to drink? Water. Water before, during and after you exercise. Water is what your body needs and absorbs most rapidly. It is also low in cost, convenient and calorie-free. You should drink one or two cups of water shortly before you exercise to put fluid into your system. During exercise - especially hot weather - you should drink a cup of water every twenty minutes.

Additional information about exercise:

Exercise: A Healthy Habit to Start and Keep - From the AAFP

Exercise: How to Get Started - From the AAFP

Running: Preventing Overuse Injuries - From the AAFP

Diet and Exercise: Healthy Balance for a Healthy Heart -From the AAFP

Weight-Training and Weight-Lifting Safety - From the AAFP

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Influenza Respiratory (Type A)

The flu is a highly contagious, acute infection transmitted by respiratory route (coughing, saliva, etc.). The incubation period is 2-4 days. It usually begins quite suddenly with fever, headache, chills, muscle/joint ache, chest soreness, non-productive cough, runny nose, sore throat, and occasional nausea. The fever can last 2-7 days (usually 3-5 days).

The basic treatment is:

Bed rest until the fever is gone.

Increase liquid intake 3-4 quarts a day. 8 oz. every hour - avoid alcohol and caffeine. Stir carbonation out of soda pop. Choose liquids like juices with calories rather than just water.

Eat nutritious, light foods, i.e. soups, breads, cooked vegetables, fruits, baked or broiled meats, rice potatoes.

Use Tylenol for fever and aches.

Use decongestants such as Sudafed or expectorant cough syrups such as Robitussin DM.

Some prescription medications can shorten the duration of symptoms if taken within the first 48 hours. Unfortunately, other antibiotics are not effective against the flu virus.

However, there are sometimes complications from the flu called secondary infections, which may require antibiotic therapy. These are usually sinus, ear, or lung infections (i.e. bronchitis or pneumonia).

If you do not improve after 4-5 days of illness, you probably need to be seen by a health care professional.

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IS IT THE FLU OR A COLD?

SYMPTOMS COLD FLU

Fever Rare High (102-104 degrees) with sudden onset. Lasts 3-4 days.

Headache Rare Prominent

General Aches & Pains Slight Usual, often quite severe.

Fatigue & Weakness Quite mild Extreme, can last up t 2-3 weeks.

Prostration Never Early & prominent.

Runny, Stuffy Nose Common Sometimes.

Sneezing Usual Sometimes.

Sore Throat Common Sometimes.

Chest Discomfort Mild to moderate hacking cough Common, can becomes severe.

COMPLICATIONS Sinus congestion or earache. Bronchitis, pneumonia

Additional information about influenza:

Cold and Flu: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Fever: Self Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Cough: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Nausea and Vomiting: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Diarrhea: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Influenza Vaccine - From the AAFP

Antibiotics: When They Can and Can't Help - From the AAFP

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Mono

What is Infectious Mononucleosis?

Infectious mononucleosis (mono) is an illness that can be caused by several agents but is most commonly caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). EBV is usually in the body for 30 - 50 days before an infected person develops symptoms. Common early symptoms can include feeling rundown, loss of appetite, and slight headaches. Acute symptoms usually become apparent after three to five days. These may include sore throat, fatigue, swollen glands, fever, muscle aches, and sometimes a skin rash. Not all of these symptoms are present in every case, however.

How do I know if I have mono?

Having some or all of the symptoms listed above does not necessarily mean that you have mono. It would be wise, however, to visit the Student Health Service to evaluate your condition and possibly test you for mono antibodies. It is often necessary to wait until you have been sick for five to seven days before enough mono antibodies enter the blood at detectable levels.

How did I get mono?

Mono is spread through saliva. It can be hard to tell who passed the infection to you because only about a third of the people who become infected with EBV develop classic mono. An uninfected person who never gets ill can unknowingly give the virus to others. People who have had mono can still have the virus in their saliva long after the illness is over. The virus can be present in the saliva for 30 - 45 days and in some it can appear on-and-off for up to 18 months.

How is mono treated

Since mono is a viral disease, antibiotics are not useful in treating it. There are no shots or pills that can cure mono but proper care should be taken when you are sick. Treatment should include adequate rest and acetaminophen can be taken for fever, sore throat, and other aches and pains.

If your spleen is enlarged, your doctor may recommend stool softeners to prevent constipation. This will also reduce the risk of a ruptured spleen caused by straining.

Length of illness varies greatly from person to person. Mild cases will not need bed rest. Most people with mild cases can go about their usual activities because the only effects of the disease are enlarged lymph nodes, blood changes, and perhaps minor sore throats and fatigue. More serious cases can keep people in bed for up to two weeks.

The most important things to do while recovering are to get proper rest, eat well, and take good care of yourself. Even if the illness is gone in a few weeks, it may take longer to get back to your normal energy level.

Additional information about mononucleosis:

Mononucleosis - From the AAFP

Throat Problems: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Sore Throat: Easing the Pain - From the AAFP

Fever: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

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Tennis Elbow

Many racquet players and golfers have trouble with this condition. The injury involves the tendons attached to the muscles that extend (bend back) the wrist and fingers. A small tendon arising from a very small area of bone at the elbow connects to the large extending (extensor) muscles of the forearm. After repetitive use of these extensor muscles, the tendon becomes overworked and inflamed. This produces the pain on the outside of the elbow. The same thing happens to the golfer's elbow except that it involves the tendons that attach to the forearm muscles that flex the wrist and fingers (flexors). The pain here is on the inside of the elbow.

Treatment may include a rest from your particular game. Don't aggravate the condition by continuing activity, especially if you experience pain. Ice your elbow three times a day for 20 minutes in the early painful stage and for 15 minutes after active use of your arm. Stretching will help prevent stiffness by breaking down any scar tissue that may result from inflammation. Your doctor may prescribe anti-inflammatory/analgesic medication or an injection of local anesthetic to help relieve inflammation and pain and may also recommend the use of a brace. Surgery is rarely required.

Additional information about tennis elbow:

Hand/Wrist/Arm Problems: Self-Care Flow Sheet - From the AAFP

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Knee Pain

Knee pain is very common among athletes. Studies have shown that the patellofemoral syndrome comprises up to fifty percent of overuse injuries. This syndrome is caused by an irritation of the undersurface of the patella (kneecap), which is normally smooth. The irritation may lead to a roughening of the patella undersurface, a condition called chondromalacia. The patella moves up and down in a shallow groove formed by the femur (thigh bone) and its covering ligaments. The pain is caused when increasing tension gradually increases the pressure between the patella and femur.

Rest may be necessary when the knee is swollen and painful. Let the pain be your guide and avoid aggravating activities. Ice your knee for 20 minutes two or three times a day and following sporting activities. Your doctor may prescribe anti-inflammatory/analgesic medication to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. You can also do exercises that will stretch, strengthen, and balance the muscles that control the patella in the groove.

Additional information on knee problems:

Knee Problems: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

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Low Back Disorders

It is common for both active and inactive people to experience pain in the lower back. It can stem from structural problems and problems in the function of the back or it can come from conditions unrelated to the back. Most back pain is caused by one or more of the following: facet joint syndrome, disc degeneration, or overloaded connective tissue. Your doctor can explain these conditions and tell you which you have.

Total bed rest may be necessary for severe back problems. To reduce the pain, use ice or light massage. Moist heat may reduce later stiffness. Depending on the problem, your doctor may recommend physical therapy, weight loss, drugs, braces or surgery. Contact the Student Health Service for more information.

Additional information about low back problems:

Lower Back Pain: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Lifting Safety: Tips To Help Prevent Back Injuries - From the AAFP

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Shoulder Bursitis and Tendinitis

Shoulder bursitis/tendinitis is a common overuse injury in sports where the arm is used in an overhead motion (i.e., swimming, baseball). The pain is usually felt at the tip of the shoulder and referred down the deltoid muscle into the upper arm. It occurs when the arm is lifted overhead or twisted. Bursitis occurs when the bursa becomes inflamed and painful as surrounding muscles move over it. Tendinitis occurs when tendon sheaths surrounding and lubricating the tendons become inflamed, swollen, and tender.

When symptoms are present, avoid the activity that started the problem. Apply ice to your shoulder at least twice a day for 20 minutes. After activity, apply ice for 15 minutes. Your doctor may prescribe physical therapy to strengthen the shoulder and prevent recurrence. Medication may also be prescribed including anti-inflammatory/ analgesic medication to relieve pain. Cortisone injections may also be recommended. When you return to your sport, go back slowly. Warm up well and do range-of-motion exercises.

Additional information about shoulder problems:

Shoulder Problems: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Shoulder Pain - From the AAFP

Shoulder Instability: When Your Shoulder "Goes Out" - From the AAFP

Rotator Cuff Exercises - From the AAFP

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Ankle Sprain

Ankle sprains are very common ankle injuries, usually the result of the ankle turning in. An ankle sprain occurs when a ligament connecting bones or cartilage of the ankle is ruptured or torn. Sprains are very painful and incapacitating and can develop into a chronic problem. If treated quickly and properly, however, ankle sprains can heal well, allowing a safe and early return to activity.

To reduce pain and swelling, ice the ankle for 20 minutes every two hours. An elastic bandage wrapped around the ankle may also limit swelling. Elevate ankle as much as possible. Tape, a splint, or a cast may be applied to immobilize the ankle depending on the injury. Your doctor may also prescribe anti-inflammatory medication to relieve pain and to reduce swelling and inflammation. Walk on the ankle when it feels comfortable. Crutches can be used as partial support. Let pain be your guide as to how much activity is enough. An ankle sprain will cause stiffness after the injury. It is important to maintain the full range of motion in your ankle. Contact the Student Health Service for more information.

Additional information about ankle sprains:

Ankle Problems: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Leg Problems: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Foot Problems: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Running: Preventing Overuse Injuries - From the AAFP

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Sore Throat

Description/Symptoms

Inflammation and pain in the throat can be caused by different bacterial and viral infections, such as strep throat and mono. Most sore throats are contagious and affect people of all ages. Symptoms include rapid onset of throat pain, throat pain that worsens with swallowing, appetite loss, headache, chills, fever, swollen lymph glands in the neck, headache and ear pain.

Treatment

Only bacterial sore throats, like a strep throat, respond to antibiotics; viral sore throats do not benefit from antibiotics. To find out if your sore throat is caused by a bacterial infection, a throat culture is necessary, which can be done at the Student Health Service. Treatment for a bacterial sore throat, such as a strep throat, usually includes penicillin or other antibiotics. Increase fluid intake and use acetaminophen, ibuprofen or naproxen to decrease the pain.

Notify the Student Health Service if:

you or a roommate has symptoms of either strep throat or tonsillitis.

symptoms worsen

temperature is normal for 1 to 2 days and then fever returns.

new symptoms appear, such as nausea, vomiting, headache, skin rash, cough, chest pain, or shortness of breath.

joints become painful or red.

cough produces a discolored (green, yellow, brown or bloody) sputum.

there is a convulsion.

Additional information about sore throats:

Throat Problems: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Sore Throat: Easing the Pain - From the AAFP

Fever: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Antibiotics: When They Can and Can't Help - From the AAFP

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Diarrhea

Diarrhea is characterized by loose, watery or unformed bowel movements that can be caused by viral, parasitic, or bacterial infections. Symptoms include cramping abdominal pain, lack of bowel control and fever. You may be more at risk for diarrhea if you suffer from acute stress, excess alcohol consumption, excess intake of certain foods, such as prunes or beans, food allergy, recent illness or crowded or unsanitary living conditions.

For minor discomfort, you may use non-prescription drugs such as Pepto-Bismol or loperamide (brand name Imodium-AD). Place warm compresses or a heating pad on abdomen if cramps are present. Decrease activity until diarrhea stops. Avoid alcohol, caffeine, milk and dairy products. If you are not nauseated, drink small amounts of herbal tea, broth, 7-UP, Sprite or Gatorade until diarrhea stops. After the symptoms subside, eat soft foods, such as rice, yogurt, Jell-O. Resume a normal diet 2 or 3 days after diarrhea stops. Avoid alcohol, seasoned foods, and fruit for several days.

Contact the Student Health Service if diarrhea lasts longer that 48 hours, if severe pain develops in the abdomen or rectum, if fever rises to 101 degrees Fahrenheit, or if mucus, blood or worms appear in the stool.

More information about diarrhea:

Diarrhea: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Diarrheal Infections - About children but applies to adults also - From the AMA

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Giardiasis

Giardiasis is a bowel infection caused by a parasite found in contaminated water. Often a person has no symptoms. Diarrhea and abdominal cramping may appear suddenly and may be accompanied by slight fever and weight loss. Sometimes these symptoms may persist for several weeks or months. Crowded or unsanitary living conditions and drinking stream water increase risk. If you are unsure that water is safe to drink, boil it to be sure or use chemical purifiers.

Medicine can be prescribed to treat giardia, but prevention is the best treatment. Always be suspicious of water when you are away from normal water supplies. Non-prescription drugs for gastrointestinal problems may mask symptoms. Antiparasite drugs such as quinacrine or metronidazole may be effective. Maintain fluid intake (at least 8 glasses of water or liquid per day).

Contact the Student Health Service if you or someone you know has symptoms of giardiasis or if new symptoms develop.

More inforamtion about giardiasis:

Giardiasis- From the AAFP

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder of the colon. Even though it is very uncomfortable, IBS does not lead to any other diseases and can be successfully managed. IBS often peaks at times of emotional distress. Symptoms include alternating constipation and diarrhea, episodes of cramping with spasmodic abdominal pain, bloating, and excessive gas.

The most effective way to manage IBS is to identify the triggering factors that worsen the symptoms. Controlling these factors is the first step in treatment of IBS. Most physicians recommend a high fiber, low fat diet. Caffeine should also be avoided. Antispasmodic or antianxiety drugs may be prescribed if other methods of controlling IBS are ineffective. Medications can also be used to treat symptoms of diarrhea and gas.

More information about irritable bowel syndrome:

Chronic Abdominal Pain: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Abdominal Pain

There are several organs and structures in the abdomen, and each of them can cause abdominal pain, and sorting out the cause can sometimes be difficult. You should be examined at the Student Health Service or in the Emergency Room at the hospital if you develop abdominal pain and:

It lasts more than two hours

It is getting worse

You have diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever or chills

You have vaginal or rectal bleeding

You have missed a period

More information about abdominal pain:

Acute Abdominal Pain: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

Chronic Abdominal Pain: Self-Care Flow Chart - From the AAFP

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Tanning/sunburn/skin cancer

Description/Symptoms

Sunburn is the inflammation and soreness of the skin following overexposure to sun, sun lamps, or tanning beds. It is characterized by red, painful and often blistered skin. Sometimes fever and nausea accompany sunburn. Depending on the severity of the burn, skin may peel or tan after it recovers.

Skin cancer has been linked to repeated exposure to the sun. The American Cancer Society reported that more than 600,000 people get skin cancer each year. Most people with skin cancer can be cured if it is found early. The best way to prevent skin cancer is to avoid the sun, especially between the hours 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. when its rays are the strongest. Cover up with a long-sleeve shirt, long pants and a wide-brim hat (not a baseball hat). Use a sunscreen with a Sun-Protection Factor (SPF) of at least 15. Apply it before going into the sun and reapply every hour and after swimming or sweating.

Treatment

If you do get sunburned you can reduce the heat and pain by applying cool compresses to the burned skin. Cold cream such as Noxzema also has a soothing, cooling affect. Naproxen is particularly good at relieving the pain of sunburn. Aspirin, ibuprofen or acetaminophen can also be used. Lotions that contain benzocaine or lidocaine should not be used as they can cause an allergic reaction on top of your sunburn.

Notify the Student Health Service if sunburn is accompanied by:

vomiting or diarrhea

delirium

oral temperatures at or above 101 degrees Fahrenheit

or if pain and fever last longer than 48 hours.

Additional information about sun exposure:

Preventing Skin Cancer - From the CDC

The Darker Side of Tanning - From the FDA

Heat-Related Illness: What You Can Do To Prevent It - From the AAFP

Sunscreens - From the FTC

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Tattooing - The Risks

An increasing number of students are deciding to have tattoos applied to their skin. Often these decorations are small and in somewhat "private" parts of their bodies, but all still require the permanent implantation of pigments under the skin through the use of a needle. The following are some questions that have arisen from students who are considering a tattoo.

What regulations apply to "Tattoo Parlors" in the State of Montana?

Montana has no regulations controlling, licensing, inspecting or regulating in any way individuals or shops applying tattoos. Cities and counties within the state similarly require nothing other than perhaps a business license. There is no regulation at any level of government requiring any degree of sanitation, training , experience or certification for anyone desiring to call him/herself a "tattooist."

Is tattooing safe?

Not always. Any needle piercing the skin that is reused without proper sterilization can transmit many infections, such as HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. While these diseases are not common, they can be transmitted through tattooing.

What are the symptoms of these needle-borne illnesses?

While symptoms may vary, some with these illnesses have no symptoms at all in the initial stages. Although some with hepatitis may not be severely affected and may get better through their own immune systems, there are no cures at present for those who do go on to suffer significant disease.

Can tattoos be removed later?

While there are some newer methods that dermatologists use to make tattoos less obvious, many, if not all tattoos must be considered permanent.

What should those with tattoos do if they wish to be tested for infection?

A simple blood test done in a medical laboratory can determine whether you have acquired the needle-borne infections described above. A private appointment with a physician at the Student Health Service or with you own physician at home can provide more information.

Additional information about tattooing:

Tattooing and Body Piercing - From the Virtual Hospital

Tattoos - From the NIH

Hepatitis B and C - From the AAFP

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Tobacco

Smokeless Tobacco

How to Quit Smoking

It is a good idea to contact the Student Health Service if you would like help when quitting smoking. They have many great resources and caring individuals to help you through the process.

First, make sure that you have what it takes to stop smoking. There is no magic cure that can help you stop. Make it easier by teaching yourself about smoking, how to stop and what to expect after you quit. Develop a plan and change your habits. Finishing a meal, talking on the phone, drinking coffee and visiting with friends can trigger your urge to smoke. Breaking the link between the trigger and your smoking will help you stop. Think about the times and places you usually smoke.

Commit yourself to quitting. Pick a day to stop smoking. Throw away all your cigarettes, lighters and ashtrays at home and at work. You will not need them again. The urge to smoke will come again. Be prepared. It will pass whether or not you smoke.

The American Cancer Society uses the FOUR Ds to fight the urge:

delay

deep breathing

drink water

do something else.

When you quit smoking, your body will have to adjust to the difference in levels of nicotine. You may feel mood changes and body changes. You may be irritable, tired, and hungry a lot of the time. You may also have trouble sleeping, may have a cough or dry mouth and may be depressed. You will also have to learn new ways of dealing with stress besides smoking. There are many ways to manage stress without smoking. Find the ones that work the best for you.

Many people gain weight after they quit smoking. You can avoid this by planning your meals and avoiding too much sugar. Drink 6-8 glasses of water a day and stay active. Eat low-calorie snacks such as raw vegetables, bread, popcorn, or sugarless candy.

Focus on the positives and notice how you begin to feel better. Think of the good things that have happened since you stopped. Reward yourself. Treat yourself with the money you would have spent on cigarettes.

Additional information about stopping smoking:

Smoking - From the AAFP

Smoking: "Why Do I Smoke?" Quiz - From the AAFP

Myths on Cigars - From the American Lung Association

Quit Smoking Action Plan - From the American Lung Association

The Nicotine Patch - From the AAFP

Smokeless Tobacco

Smokeless tobacco is not a safe alternatives to smoking. It is as addictive as smoking because all forms of tobacco contain nicotine and other related chemicals. These chemicals are absorbed through the mouth and the stomach with smokeless tobacco. It takes a little longer for this absorption, but the final concentration in the blood is just as high as with smoking. The effects of smokeless tobacco include increased heart rate caused by the nicotine in the blood stream, increased blood pressure caused by nicotine in the blood stream, constricted blood vessels, cancer of the mouth, cancer of the throat, discoloration of the teeth, halitosis (bad breath), gum recession and tooth decay.

Some say it is harder to quit smokeless tobacco than cigarettes. When you are contemplating quitting, think of why you want to quit. Pick a date and throw out all of your chewing tobacco. Ask your friends and family to help you kick the habit by giving you support and encouragement. Ask your doctor about a nicotine chewing gum tobacco cessation program. Find alternatives to smokeless tobacco and activities that will keep your mind off of the tobacco. Remember that everyone is different. Develop your own personal plan.

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Sexuality, STD, and Contraception

CHANCROID

What is it?

Chancroid is an old STD making a comeback. It is a bacterial infection with sores and swelling, usually in genital area but can be anywhere on the body in the form of bright red blisters or pimples with ragged edges.

How do I get it?

Chancroid is spread by sexual contact (direct transmission) or from skin to skin contact with someone who has infected sores. Sores may be in other places than the genitals. You can get Chancroid from person who has no visible signs of having it. Know your partner.

What are the symptoms?

Painful swelling and draining open sores that ooze pus are symptoms.

Is it dangerous?

Its primary danger is that the open sores make it easy to pick up other STDs like HIV, the AIDS virus

Is it common?

Chancroid is more common in warm climates. It is less common in cooler climates but it's increasing. Chancroid has to be reported to Public Health.

How do I get rid of it?

Chancroid must be diagnosed and treated by a health professional who will prescribe a proper antibiotic. Follow prescribed treatment and don't have sex until sores go away.

Remember:

A condom may not offer enough protection against infection because Chancroid is caused by direct contact with an open sore which may not be on the penis or vagina. Poor personal hygiene encourages infection. Keep clean. Bathe or shower daily.

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CHLAMYDIA

(including non-gonococcal urethritis [NGU] in men)

What is it?

Chlamydia is a bacterial infection in urinary and reproductive organs. It can cause Non-Gonococcal-Urethritus (NGU) in men or Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) in women. PID Symptoms are fever, pain during sex, abdominal pain. It can also cause arthritis and eye infections.

How do I get it?

Chlamydia is spread by sexual contact or it can be carried on hands or eyes. Up to 75 percent of Chlamydia infections in women and up to 25 percent of cases in men show no symptoms. If you're sexually active have regular physical check-ups and request testing.

What are the symptoms?

Symptoms present in men can include painful urination, whitish discharge from penis or testicular pain. Symptoms in women can include itching, burning in the genitals, greenish vaginal discharge and/or dull pelvic pain. You must have medical diagnosis. Insist on careful testing.

Is it dangerous?

In men, Chlamydia can lead to arthritis and inflammation of testicles. In women, infection of cervix (lower part of uterus) can spread, causing scar tissue in tubes and painful PID (pelvic inflammatory disease). It can cause sterility if not treated. Chlamydia can cause ectopic pregnancy, which can be fatal if not detected. If passed to infant during birth process it can cause eye infections and pneumonia.

Is it common?

4 million people are infected each year. 100,000 become sterile. Chlamydia-positive people must tell their partner because not all people have symptoms. Partners need to be treated too.

How do I get rid of it?

Chlamydia can be cured with simple antibiotic therapy. Treatment for gonorrhea and syphilis often won't cure chlamydia. If you're sexually active have a test once a year for chlamydia.

Remember:

Use condoms to limit spread of Chlamydia. If infected, notify your partner immediately. In some states doctors must report Chlamydia to Public Health.

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GENITAL WARTS

(also known as Human Papilloma Virus--HPV)

What is it?

Viral infection (HPV) leads to growths (Genital Warts) that may appear on penis, vulva, vagina, cervix, in or around the anus or in the throat. This disease is increasingly rapidly, especially among teenagers. Warts may be tiny, cauliflower-like, or flat. They should be treated immediately.

How do I get it?

The virus is spread by genital or oral sex contact with someone who has the HPV virus. Warts may appear a few weeks after contact or months later.

What are the symptoms?

There may be no symptoms at first. It's called the silent epidemic. Then 1 to 6 months after contact cauliflower-like bumps appear inside and outside the genitals and/or rectum. They may cause irritation or itch. Often genital warts are painless. Bumps may be very tiny and hard to see but they can still spread fast.

Is it dangerous?

Women who have been infected with some form of HPV are at a high risk for cervical cancer. There is also a risk of cancer of the vulva, penis or anus among people who have or have had HPV infection, even if the warts are gone. Babies born to women with HPV can get warts in their throat.

Is it common?

There are 750,000 new cases each year. Teenagers are at a very high risk because their skin is still maturing. Pap smears can detect cervical cancer early and should be obtained annually if there is a diagnosis of genital warts.

How do I get rid of it?

Some warts go away on their own. Warts are treated with a very toxic ointment, frozen or burned off with laser or electric needle or with interferon-injectable treatment. Pregnant women require special treatment. Other treatments aim at strengthening the immune system.

Remember:

Condoms may help protect you against HPV and Genital Warts. Have only one sex partner whom you know VERY well. If you think you have warts, tell your sex partner. If you have ever had HPV or Genital Warts, be checked regularly for recurrence or warning signs of cancer. Drugstore treatment for other kinds of warts may be harmful if used on genital warts.

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GONORRHEA

(also known as Clap, Dose, Drip)

What is it?

Infection caused by gonococcus bacteria that can live only in dark, warm moist places inside your body-- the cervix, penis, throat or rectum. It can cause PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) which, untreated, could make you sterile.

How do I get it?

Gonorrhea is almost always transmitted through sexual intercourse. In heavy petting, if genitals touch, even without going all the way, you can be infected.

What are the symptoms?

There may be none for 2-9 days, then frequent, painful, burning urination and whitish, greenish or yellow discharge from the penis or vagina. In men, the opening of penis may be red or sore. Other symptoms include sore throat, swollen glands, discharge from anus or urethra. Sometimes there are no symptoms. Diagnosis is made by examining a smear culture.

Is it dangerous?

Gonorrhea won't go away by itself even if symptoms disappear. Untreated, it can cause PID in women; chronic prostate infection with painful urination and painful ejaculation in men; sterility and arthritis in both sexes; blindness if eyes are infected. Pregnant women can infect unborn babies.

Is it common?

There are 1-2 million cases of Gonorrhea each year, mostly in persons under 25s. Penicillin-resistant Gonorrhea and Tetracycline resistant Gonorrhea are spreading rapidly and are harder to cure.

How do I get rid of it?

Your medical professional will prescribe a proper antibiotic. Take all the prescribed dose. Chlamydia is often present with gonorrhea so both conditions should be treated at the same time. Your sex partner(s) should be treated to avoid re-infection.

Remember:

Even if you're cured the first time you can get Gonorrhea over and over if you don't take precautions. Use a condom when you have sex or insist your lover wear one. In women, Gonorrhea can progress without symptoms to PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) causing infertility and other serious problems.

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HERPES

What is it?

Herpes is a virus that causes painful, blister-like sores that appear on and in the penis, vagina and/or anus; or sometimes around mouth or point of contact. There is no cure, only medical relief. Herpes goes away, but may return. Some patients have 4 to 7 flare-ups a year. Flare-ups usually become less frequent with time.

How do I get it?

Herpes is spread by direct contact. It is highly contagious if there are open sores. Herpes can spread as sores are forming or after they heal. Virus from one person's sores enters another's body through cuts, genital openings, or the mouth.

What are the symptoms?

Symptoms range from none to severe. Within 2-10 days after contact painful blisters may appear on penis or in vagina and/or cervix. Symptoms may include swollen lymph glands, aching muscles, fever, headache. The blisters dry up, leaving painful sores. Blisters may return when the victim is under stress. Recurring attacks are less painful and heal faster.

Is it dangerous?

Herpes is highly infectious. The sores are painful. Women with herpes must have Pap smears annually because of suspected link between herpes and cervical cancer.

Is it common?

There are 500,000 to 1 million new cases each year. Pregnant women with herpes can infect babies (3,000-10,000 newborns are infected yearly). Some persons have no symptoms but may unknowingly pass on the infection.

How do I get rid of it?

There is no cure. Treatment: Acyclovir (anti-viral prescription ointment or capsule) eases pain and shortens attacks. Herpes may seem to go away after treatment. That doesn't mean you're rid of it. Too much sun seems to cause reoccurrence. Avoid sex and tight clothes during attack. Some people still shed virus even when they don't have sores.

Remember:

You have to live with it until a cure is found. Have sex only between attacks and always use a condom during sex. Never have sex with someone who has genital sores. DO NOT HAVE SEX WHEN HERPES IS ACTIVE OR SHEDDING. Diagnosis and counseling is essential.

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HEPATITIS

What is it?

There are three main types of Hepatitis (A, B and C-each caused by different viruses). Types B and C are the most dangerous. Although they are usually not fatal there is increased chance of liver cancer. A vaccination protects against hepatitis B. Type A is spread through contaminated water or food. Type C is transmitted mostly through blood transfusion.

How do I get it?

Type B (serum hepatitis) and Type C are spread by mouth/mouth, mouth/genital or other sexual contact or contaminated needles in drug use, tattooing or ear piercing. Type A can be spread in foreplay during sex or oral/genital and oral/anal sex. It is also spread through contaminated food or water. Always wash your hands after using the toilet.

What are the symptoms?

Symptoms may appear within a month or after contact. In some cases: muscle ache, fever, tiredness, loss of appetite, headache, dizziness. In other cases, dark urine, light stool color, yellow eyes and skin (jaundice), tenderness in liver area.

Is it dangerous?

Hepatitis is highly infectious in the early stages. It can make you very sick because it can affect liver and all body functions. Untreated, hepatitis may develop into serious liver disease or cancer. A baby born to a woman with Type B may develop it and become a chronic carrier. All cases are serious.

Is it common?

It is quite common but there are safe, effective vaccines that protect against Hepatitis A and B. Consult a medical professional. Gamma Globulin provides temporary immunity to hepatitis.

How do I get rid of it?

Blood diagnosis by doctor or clinic is very important! Get bed rest until symptoms disappear. It may take weeks or months to recover fully. No alcohol should be consumed during convalescence. Use birth control methods other than the pill until the doctor says you are completely cured. NO medication (even over-the-counter drugs) should be taken without your doctor's approval.

Remember:

Absolute cleanliness and sanitation are important to keep hepatitis from spreading. Don't have sex until cured. Hepatitis B and C may become chronic.

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AIDS

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

What is it?

Human-Immune-Deficiency-Virus (HIV-the AIDS Virus) attacks, destroys the body's immune system, leaving victim open to life-threatening diseases. The incubation period is 1 to 10 years. No vaccine, no cure! At greatest risk: those who have had other sexually transmitted diseases, homosexuals, drug users. HIV is increasing among heterosexuals, especially teenagers and women.

How do I get it?

By oral, anal or sexual intercourse (even hetero) with someone infected by HIV. It is spread by transfer of blood, semen and vaginal fluid in sex, sharing IV needles in drug use, having ears pierced or getting tattooed with unsterilized needles. There is no risk in giving blood; some risk in receiving it. Infected women can transmit HIV to babies before, during or after birth. It is not spread by casual contact.

What are the symptoms?

(1) Many people have no early symptoms. A positive antibody test means a person has HIV antibodies and is considered HIV positive. Someone who is HIV positive may not feel sick but is a carrier and is dangerous. He or she should get medical counseling. (2) It is important to identify early signs of AIDS-related infection: swollen lymph glands, night sweats, fever, diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, possibly thrush and shingles. See a doctor!

Is it dangerous?

VERY! Most of those in the US estimated to carry HIV could develop full-blown AIDS within 10 years unless new treatments are developed and prescribed. Don't ignore unexplained cough, fever, rash, headache. Early diagnosis and treatment can prolong and improve quality of life.

Is it common?

Over one million Americans estimated to be infected with HIV. Many remain undiagnosed. Everyone--men, women, minorities, teenagers, homosexuals--now are considered at risk if they indulge in high risk sex. Users of intravenous drugs who share needles are risking their lives, too.

How do I get rid of it?

You don't. So far there's no cure but early testing is very important to diagnose and treat with new drugs that are coming on the market with increasing frequency.

Remember:

Even if you test positive for HIV you can live a normal life but you must practice safer sex or no sex at all. Don't have sex with anyone you suspect has had multiple sex partners or is a drug user. ALWAYS USE A CONDOM if you do have sex. Condoms aren't 100% safe but offer the best protection for you and your partner. No deep kissing, anal sex, oral-genital contact. Stay away from drugs and alcohol.

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PUBIC LICE (crabs) and SCABIES

What is it?

Lice are parasites that live in hair. Scabies are mites that burrow under the skin in genital area, chest hair or under hands or fingers.

How do I get it?

They are spread mostly by sexual contact or other close physical contact, but also by infected towels, toilet seats, bedding, or clothing.

What are the symptoms?

Sometimes you can see lice in hairy parts of your body. You may experience severe itching, sometimes blood on underwear if lice gets under your skin. With scabies you itch a lot and may have reddish zigzag furrows under skin in genital area and buttocks or between fingers, skin folds of elbows, wrists, under arms, feet.

Is it dangerous?

Both lice and scabies are very contagious. Crabs can move from pubic hair to other hairy areas (under arms, eyelashes) if you scratch and touch those areas. Crabs and Scabies often spread through a family.

Is it common?

Lice and scabies are very common if you live in crowded conditions and don't keep clean. Bathe or shower daily. Wear clean clothes.

How do I get rid of it?

See a health professional. Cream (by prescription) left on for prescribed period kills scabies. Kwell (by prescription), RID or R&C as cream, lotion or shampoo kills lice. Repeat treatment in one week. Don't have sex during treatment or you'll both pass STDs back and forth. Wash clothes and bedding in HOT water. Disinfect furniture.

Remember:

The more you scratch the faster you'll spread both Crabs and Scabies around your body. Sometimes they carry disease. Sleeping in the same bed with infected persons may spread the nasty creatures. Choose public washrooms carefully. Crabs and scabies cling to dirty toilet seats.

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SYPHILIS

(also known as Syph, Pox, Bad Blood)

What is it?

Small spiral shaped bacteria called "spirochetes" that enter your body, usually by sexual contact. Once in the body, they enter bloodstream and vital organs. Open sores of Syphilis make it easy for HIV and other STDs to invade your body

How do I get it?

Syphilis is spread by sexual contact. Sores around mouth or genitals of infected person (or anywhere spirochetes can hide) pass bacteria to sex partner. It can be transmitted from an infected person to an open cut in another person's skin.

What are the symptoms?

1st stage: 10-90 days after exposure, hard, red, painless sore appears anywhere there has been sexual contact like penis, vagina, cervix, tongue, anus. Get help immediately! Disappears after 2-6 weeks if untreated but it's spreading silently through body to cause 2nd stage months later: rash, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, weight loss, headache, hair loss. Heals in 2-6 weeks. Without treatment, symptoms may disappear to return years later (3rd stage) to damage heart and cause paralysis, dementia, even death.

Is it dangerous?

Untreated syphilis doesn't go away but hides in your body. Sometimes 1st stage has no symptoms or sore is so small you think it's a zit. Any sore around mouth or genitals must be treated seriously. 1st and 2nd stage symptoms may vanish but syphilis hangs around for 3rd stage which causes blindness, senility, even death if treatment isn't provided.

Is it common?

Infection rates are at the highest level in 40 years because of drug abuse, poverty, and careless sex. Syphilis is increasing dramatically among teenagers. There has also been an increase in Congenital Syphilis in which an infected mother passes Syphilis to her unborn child.

How do I get rid of it?

Special tests available in Public Health clinics detect syphilis in stages 1,2 or 3. Treatment: Large doses of penicillin or other antibiotic for as long as needed until cured. Don't have sex until you're cured. If not treated correctly, syphilis can erupt years later as 3rd stage syphilis with serious consequences.

Remember:

To protect yourself from syphilis, always use a condom. Early Syphilis, with its sores and eruptions, can contribute to transmission of HIV. If you're infected law requires you give Public Health names of all of your sex contacts. They must be tested and treated even if they have no symptoms. Free exam and treatment are available at Public Health clinics.

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TRICHOMONIASIS

(also known as Trich)

What is it?

Trichomoniasis is an infection of the vagina in women, the urethra in men, caused by tiny parasites that live in moist places in the body.

How do I get it?

It is spread by sexual contact and also by damp wash cloths, towels and bathing suits shared with an infected person. The parasite can live outside the body for hours.

What are the symptoms?

In women there may be a greenish yellow vaginal discharge with bad odor, frequent painful urination, inflammation in genitals, and sometimes pain in the lower abdomen. Men may have a discharge from the penis or mild discomfort in the penis. You can harbor Trich in your body for years with or without symptoms.
Is it common?
It is very common but prompt treatment cures it.
How do I get rid of it?
The best treatment is prevention. Use Condoms. Flagyl (by prescription) is the treatment for this. You and your partner should be treated so you won't re-infect each other.

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